Vitamin B-12, also known as cobalamin, is a cobalt-containing water-soluble compound essential for nucleic acid synthesis and cellular energy metabolism. In research settings, B-12 is often studied for its role as a cofactor in methylation reactions, particularly in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids. Researchers frequently examine its stability, bioavailability, and interactions with other B vitamins under controlled conditions.